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On the still left a Tag I knife used to dig up an anti-personnel quarry (specifically, an S-mine).
TheMark I trench knifecan be an American trench knife made by officers of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) for use in World War We. It provides a 6.75 in (17.1 cm) double-edged dagger cutter useful for both thrusting and slashing shots, unlike prior U.H. trench knives such as the Meters1917 and Meters1918. The deal with is produced of castbronze and utilizes a conical steelnut to hold the knife in location.1The Mark I's edge has been blued with a dark oxide finish, the bronze handle has been chemically blackened, with throw surges on the ribbon and bow of each knuckle. The spikes were meant to avoid an challenger from catching the knife hand, as nicely as to supply a more concentrated striking surface area when employed in hand-to-hand combat.
Historyedit
Tag I Trench Cutlery
The Tag I was a development of the earlier U.H. Michael1917 and the slightly improved Meters1918 trench kitchen knives designed byHenry Disston amp; Sonsof Philadelphia, Pa.2Both the Meters1917 and Michael1918 utilized a triangular blade and a handle outfitted with a guard made to protect the consumer's knuckles.2By 1918 it had been apparent that the Michael1917 and Michael1918 styles were as well limiting to succeed in their intended part,3and a new trench knife design was asked for.4
On 1 August 1918 a panel of AEF officials performed an inclusive field test of several trench knives, like the U.Beds. Michael1917, theHughestrench knife56and the standard-issue trench knives of the English and French armies, respectively.2The industry test has been carried out to look at the characteristics of each knife centered on the subsequent requirements: the capability to bring one-handed while executing other duties, the quickness or rapidity of work in activity, security of grip, in case the user was stunned or knocked unconscious, ease of having when crawling in a low prone position, the possibility of the knife getting knocked out of hands during a struggle, the suitability of knife weight, size, and form; and the shape of the handle.2
Testing confirmed that the existing Michael1917 and Michael1918 styles were in want of enhancement.2As a result, a replacing trench knife designated the U.T. trench knife, Mark I was jointly created by officers of the AEF and the Executive Division of U.T. Ordnance.2This knife had been entirely various from the Meters1917, having a toned double-edged cutting tool, a distinctive metallic scabbard, and a cast-bronze deal with with built-in guard for personal fingertips.2The AEF mentioned that the Mark I had been a combination of all of the best functions of the trench knives examined, and the Mark I's double-edged cutting tool was taken directly from theCouteau Poignard Mle 1916(identified asLe Vengeur), a trench knife design then in services with the France Army.27
With the finish of hostilities in Planet War I actually, large-scale wartime agreements for Mark I knife manufacturing were terminated. Most Tag I kitchen knives that were created by U.Beds. manufacturers were never issued, and continued to be in army storage space stateside. During Planet War II, stocks and shares of Mark I kitchen knives were released for issue to army models with a need for a close-combat combating knife, though in conditions of real numbers the Tag I did not discover widespread make use of during the battle.7Of those Tag I knives released for program, most had been issued in 1942 and 1943 to military portion in elite army ranger and airborne formations,89though some Tag I kitchen knives were utilized by underwater products in 1942 and 1943, in specific marines serving with the four Ocean Raider battalions.10Military and marine field reviews regarding the usefulness of the Mark I knife had been combined; some guys liked the design, while others complained that Mark I was poorly balanced, with a relatively thin cutter that was susceptible to nipping at the blade-handle junction, particularly when employed for application duties.71112Additional reports observed that the Tag I's large 'brass-knuckle' fingerguard deal with was costly to create and limited the quantity of useful fighting grasp roles, while avoiding the knife from becoming transported in a regular leather sheath or scabbard.13The Tag I also emerged in for critique from marine raiders for its bad balance, fairly gradual deployment rate and limited quick-kill transmission capacity when used in an unpleasant role (the raiders would eventually follow a fight knife with a stiletto-style cutting tool patterned after the Fairbairn-Sykes Arguing Blade). Furthermore, U.Beds. war planners had announced a need for a general-purpose trench knife that could meet both the fighting with each other and energy roles, while at the same time saving strategic metal resources.14
The Tag I trench knife has been replaced in Military services by the M3 trench knife in 1943,15while the U.Beds. Ocean Corps released its very own fight and power knife the exact same year specified the1219C2, afterwards recognized as theUSMC Mark 2 fight knifeaka theUSMC knife, fighting power.16
Manufacturingedit
In order to save period in obtaining the new knife to troops in the field, the very first Tag I trench knives were obtained from a German producer,Au Lion(Au Lion/Société Générale, Portugal).7Subsequently, the U.S i9000. government placed orders for 1,232,780 Tag I knives with many U.T. contractors, includingLanders, Frary amp; Clark(M.F.amp;G.) of New Great britain, Connecticut;Henry Disston amp; Sons(HDamp;T) of Philadelphia; andOneida Community Limited(O.C.L.), with shipping to commence in December 1918.2Ordnance information notice that the finish of the war in Nov 1918 caused Ordnance to end all purchases for the Mark I with the exemption of a single reduced purchase for 119,424 knives fromLanders, Frary amp; Clark Company.(M N amp; M).2Despite this obvious cancellation, usually primary U.S. Tag I trench knives have ended up found withHDamp;BedsandO.M.M.stamps, with hold handles cast in either bronze or aluminum.
The French version of the Mark I is usually placed on the cutter ricasso with a recumbent lion, and the phrasesAu Lion, while the grasp is usually stamped 'U.Beds. 1918', and fitted with a four-sided pommel cover. Produced under wartime situations, the People from france Mark I knife is generally even more roughly completed than U.T. contracted examples, and incorporates various deviations from manufacturing specifications. Many variations of the Norwegian model exist - some with grooves on top of the grip, some without, and some keeping letters and figures forged into the bronze fingerguard. As steel was a proper materials in wartime France, the French-manufactured Tag I was issued with a proprietary unmarked scabbard produced of iron.
U.Beds.-contracted Mark I kitchen knives are stamped on the correct part of the brass grip 'U.H. 1918', with the contractor's initials located just below. The U.T. knives used a six-sided pommel cover. Like the French-made version, U.T. Tag I kitchen knives emerged with proprietary scabbards created to support the Mark I knife with its large grasp, but created of metal rather of iron. Both blades and scabbards had been released with a blackened surface finish to prevent reflection. Nevertheless, many soldiers (and later, civilian proprietors) attempted to gloss the blades and/or scabbards, assuming the blackened surface finish to be tarnish. As a result, many first Tag I knives and scabbards possess dropped their primary end. American-made metal scabbards for the Tag I trench knife had been designated 'L.F.amp;Chemical. 1918'.
Discover alsoedit
Notesedit
- ^Cassidy, William D.,The Complete Publication Of Blade Fighting with each other, ISBN0-87364-029-2, ISBN978-0-87364-029-9 (1997), p. 47
- ^amchemicaldelizabethfghijCrowell, Benedict (1919),North america't Munitions 1917-1918, Report of Benedict Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War (Director of Munitions), U.T. War Section, Washington, M.D.: U.S. Government Publishing Workplace, pp. 88, 228
- ^Cassidy, g. 45: Both the Michael1917 and Meters1918 had a thin triangular stilletto-type blade which had been not only prone to breakage, but restricted them to make use of as stabbing weapons.
- ^Cassidy, g. 46
- ^Military matters: record of the American Military Company, Us Military Background Foundation, Us Military Start, Kansas Condition University or college, Dept. of History (1937) Vol. I, g. 153
- ^Hughes, Rupert,Letters Patent Zero. 1,315,503 issued September 9, 1919, Washington, D.M.: United State governments Patent Workplace: An fresh design submitted by its creator, U.S i9000. Military Captain Rupert Hughes, theHughestrench knife was a interested device consisting of a folding spring-loaded knife edge attached to a hasp which was fastened to the back again of the hand by a straps, leaving the hand and fingertips free for grasping other items. Pushing a switch on the hasp automatically extended the knife blade into an open position and secured position, much like a switchblade. Nevertheless, after testing the table found theHughesdesign to be of no worth.
- ^awddCassidy, g. 47
- ^Cutlery - U.H. KNIFE MODEL 1918 MKI TRENCHSpringfield Armory Museum - Collection Record
- ^Canfield, Bruce D.,U.Beds. INFANTRY Weaponry OF Globe Battle II, Lincoln, RI: Andrew Mowbray Web publishers, ISBN0-917218-67-1, ISBN978-0-917218-67-5 (1994)
- ^Shackleford, Steve, ed. (2009),Cutting tool's Manual To Kitchen knives And Their Beliefs, Krause Guides, ISBN978-1-4402-0387-9, g. 387
- ^Walker, Greg,Battle Blades: A Expert's Manual to Fight/Fighting Knives, Boulder, Company: Paladin Press, ISBN0-87364-732-7 (1993), p. 77
- ^Cassidy, William M., The Complete Publication Of Cutlery Fighting, ISBN0-87364-029-2, ISBN978-0-87364-029-9 (1997), g. 47
- ^lt;Cassidy, g. 47
- ^Blending Materials to Provide Our Fighting with each other Guys, Popular Science, Vol. 142 Zero. 6 (June 1943), p. 104
- ^Cassidy, p. 47: While the Michael3 generally changed the Tag I in provider in 1943, the second option was not formally declared outdated until January 1945.
- ^Shackleford, Steve (ed.),Knife's Guidebook To Knives And Their Beliefs(7tl ed.), Iola, WI: Krause Periodicals, ISBN978-1-4402-0387-9, p. 387
Personal referencesedit
- Crowell, Benedict,U . s'h Munitions 1917-1918, Report of Benedict Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War (Director of Munitions), U.T. War Division, Washington, G.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office (1919)
- Walker, Greg,Fight Blades: A Expert's Tutorial to Fight/Fighting Kitchen knives, Boulder, CO: Paladin Push, ISBN0-87364-732-7 (1993)
Exterior hyperlinksedit
Gathered from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?name=MarkItrenchknifeamp;oldid=874376365'
U.H. M1917 'Knuckle Duster' trench knife and natural leather sheath of Globe War We. Take note the triangular cutting tool with toned face forward making it ideal only for stabbing and not slashing.
Atrénch knifeis definitely a combat knife created to eliminate or extremely incapacitate an enemy enthusiast at close up quarters, mainly because might become found in a trenchline or additional confined area.123It was created in response to a need for a near combat weapon for soldiers conducting approaches and raids on enemy trenchlines during the Initial World War. An illustration of a Entire world War I actually trench knife is usually the German born Army'sNahkampfmesser(shut combat knife).45
With the break out of the Second World Battle, the trench knifé, by this time usually known to as afight knife, proved so useful that armies continued to create and issue new designs. On the Axis part, theNahkampfmésserand designs created from it had been again broadly released to the ordinary gift as general-purpose dealing with and application kitchen knives, while Allied armies usually restricted issue of trench knives to elite infantry units and infantry not really otherwise outfitted with the bayonét.4
- 1Early trench knives
Earlier trench knives edit
With thé exclusion of the German bornNahkampfmesseror (close combat knife),4many earlier trench knives were created by hand by personal troops or ordnance bIacksmiths for the objective of quietly getting rid of sentries and additional enemy personnel during trench ráids.6These earlier 'trench kitchen knives' were often nothing even more than reduced and sharpened Army-issue bayonets. One type of stabbing weapon, theFinnish Toenail, was produced by cutting and pointing the steel stakes used to help the ubiquitous barbed wire safeguarding the trench ranges. All trench knives talk about one common feature: they were designed specifically for military services use in near combat activities with enemy personnel. Some historians state that some trench knives models were motivated by the Bowié knife fór its style.7
Quickly afterwards, these fabricated trench knives were becoming utilized in defensive close-quarters trench combat, and like fighting shortly revealed particular limitations in existing designs.
A more elegant form of theFinnish Toenailhas been the intro of théPoignard-Báïonnette Lebel Meters1886/14. Approved as a standard armed forces infantry tool after its advancement by Lt. CoI. Coutrot8of the French Army, thePóignard-Baïonnette LebeIcomprised of a long, needle-pointed, stiletto-profile blade with wood deal with and an built-in knuckle guard produced of steel. Originally a conversion of the SpanishÉgée-Baïonnétte Modèle 1886(bayonet), and developed totally as an unpleasant weapon, thePóignard-Baïonnette LebeIutilized a section of the Michael1886 Lebel' long, thin stiletto-type cruciform cutting tool, made to quickly eliminate a surprised enemy gift filler with a individual deep press. Up to three trench kitchen knives could become constructed from a individual Meters1886 Lebel bayonet.
Because French industry had been functioning under wartime situations with several material shortages, frequently using subcontracted labor, even officially sanctioned France Military trench knives are likely to vary significantly from knife tó knife. The need for kitchen knives was therefore great that already-understrength German Military formations had been compelled to demobilize 100s of previous cutlery workers so that they could return to their previous job opportunities and begin quantity production of trench knives for the equipped factors. As the war went on, newer and even more versatile blade-type trench knife styles like as the doubIe-edged daggérCouteau Póignard Mle 1916 dit Le Vengeurbegan to change theFinnish Toenailand earlier stiletto-style trench knives.9The Norwegian lead in trench knife advancement was carefully implemented by the United Expresses, which presented three successive trench knife models - the Michael1917, Michael1918, and Mark I (1918) - all centered straight or indirectly upon earlier French styles.
A language like german Military trench knives edit
Thé German bornNahkampfmesserwas the standard issue German combat knife during the Initial World War.4It stayed in support in customized type through the finish of the 2nd World War.10Many of these kitchen knives had piece wooden holds and metallic sheaths and were sturdily produced. According to one respected supply, German-issued trench kitchen knives of Entire world War I had been 'standard, general-purposé, cut-ánd-thrust knives' with cutting blades that had been 'for the many part around six ins in length, singIe-edged with á top leading faIse edge. although doubIe-edged cutting blades are occasionally stumbled upon.'11
After theGerman Nailhad been utilized against them, German born causes on the American Front furthermore started to utilize converted metal barbed-wire stakes as stabbing weaponry for make use of by their very own troops.
German born trench knives carried during Entire world War II had been comparable in design and are usually usually recognized today as boot kitchen knives, although they rarely were transported in shoes or boots. Most also had metal sheaths with videos that could be connected to footwear, webbing or clothing, and most were produced by federal government contractors and issued as combat equipment.
United kingdom and Commonwealth trench knives edit
Thé Uk Army and its Commonwealth allies (e.g. Australia, Canada and New Zealand) used a broad range of trench knives during Globe War We. Some were commercial versions centered on Bowie kitchen knives. Others had been more specialized types, like as press daggers with a approximately cylindrical aluminium grip which was designed to suit comfortably when the consumer's hands made a fist. The attached 4 in (10 cm) cutter protruded between thé knuckles of thé consumer. It had been common British isles practice for trench knives to end up being utilized in combination with other 'peaceful' weapons, like trench clubs, pickaxe holders and hatchéts, during trench ráiding expeditions, supported up with revolvers and hands grenades. Several standardized variations were made by government companies and formally issued. Nearly all had piece wooden grabs and steel sheaths and were sturdily made.
During the 2nd World Battle, the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting with each other Knife was widely issued to makes such as the British Commandos, Royal Marine corps Commandos, Parachute Regiment, Special Boat Service and the Specific Air Provider. Though not really a genuine 'trench knife' pér se, the Fáirbairn-Sykes had been used for identical purposes.12
US trench kitchen knives edit
Thé initial official U.T. trench knife followed for support issue had been the U.S. Meters1917 trench knife designed by Henry Disston amp; Kids, and based on examples of trench knives after that in assistance with the French Army. The M1917 featured a triangular stiletto edge, wooden hold, metallic knuckle guard, and a curved pommel. The M1917 demonstrated ineffective in provider, and a somewhat improved edition, the Meters1918, had been adopted within a few months. Despite this, the Meters1918 is almost similar to the M1917, varying mainly in the design and appearance of the knuckle safeguard. Usable just as stabbing weapons, the Michael1917 and Meters1918 frequently suffered damaged blades. Their limited electricity and general unpopularity caused the AEF tó empanel a testing panel in 1918 to test various trench kitchen knives and choose a substitute.
Mark I brass knuckles Trench Knife
This style was followed by the Mark I, which has been created by a table of U.H. Army officers to cure certain deficiencies of the Meters1917/18.13Followed in past due 1918, with a knife profile designed after the SpanishCouteau Póignard Mle 1916 dit Le Vengeur, almost all Mark I knives were completed too past due to see support in the trenches of World War I actually.
During Planet Battle II, the Mark I has been released in 1942 and 1943 to airborne troops, Army Rangers, and Water Raiders.141516The Tag I highlighted a full-tang design with a double-edged cutter and a weighty bronzehilt integrating a guard ostensibly shaped as áknuckle dustér, though thé second item was intended to safeguard the fingertips and avoid the knife from becoming knocked from the hands while in fight rather than for make use of as a tool.13Showing the savagery óf hand-to-hánd trench combat, the Tag I's pommeI incorporated a só-called 'skull-crushér' cap extension, evidently made to stun or destroy an enemy gift and to provide a supplementary tool in conditions where the cutter was broken or broken. A specific proprietary metallic scabbard was released with the Mark I, capable of accommodating the fresh knife and its oversized knuckleduster hold handle.
ln 1918, Captain Rupert Hughes of the U.H. Army posted a patent application for a specialized automatic-opening trénch knife óf his very own style, theHughes Trench Knife.17This was a wondering device consisting of a folding spring-loaded knife blade attached to a deal with which attached to the back again of the hands and had been guaranteed by a leather strap, departing the palm and fingertips free of charge for holding other items.17Pushing a key on the handle automatically prolonged the blade into an open and locked position, permitting the knife to end up being used as a stabbing weapon.17TheHughes Trench Knifehad been examined as a possible military supply by a board of U.Beds. Army officers from the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Summer 1918.13Regrettably, after tests the board found theHughesdesign to end up being of no worth, and it had been never adopted.18Hughes proceeded to go on to patent his automated trench knifé in 1919, though it seems to possess never interested any civilian manufacturers.17
Michael7 Bayonet and Meters8A1 Sheath utilized with the Michael16 rifle
The U.Beds. Army used the Michael3 Trench Blade as a alternative for the Tag I in 1943.19The Tag I required strategic metals to generate and has been too pricey to place into mass creation, and acquired been criticized as being unsuited to even more modern designs of hand-tó-hand knife fighting.141519202122As the U.T.Record of Standard Ordnance Itemsof 1943 explained:The Trench Cutlery M3 provides been developed to fill the need in contemporary combat for hand-to-hand fighting with each other. While designated for issue to military not equipped with the bayonet, it had been especially created for such shock devices as parachute troops and rangérs.322The M3 has been first released to U.S i9000. Army troops in 1943, with the first knives going to elite devices such as airborne troops and the U.T. Military Rangers.22Despite becoming developed for hand-to-hand warfare, the Michael3 did not receive universal compliment as a fighting knife upon issue to combat units. While well-baIanced (some paratroopers ánd rangers mastered the artwork of using the M3 as a throwing knife), the Michael3's blade was belittled as getting too narrow for tough usage, particularly for energy tasks like as starting ammo crates and meals tins, while its advantage was discovered to become somewhat challenging to sharpen.22The cutting tool's secondary edge has been also belittled as becoming too brief, restricting the knife's i9000 electricity when used for backhand reducing strokes.1922Numerous features of the M3 had been included into the Michael4 bayonet for the M1 Carbine, the M5 bayonet for the M1 Garand, the Michael6 Bayonet for the Meters14 rifle, and lastly the Meters7 bayonet for the M16 gun. The Meters3 knife and all of these bayonets suit in the M8A1 scabbard, formally specified as the 'Scabbard, Bayonet Blade, Michael8A1,' with the National Stock Quantity (NSN)1095-00-508-0339.
Some other fighting knives used by U.S. forces possess sometimes been referred to as trench knives. These include the stiletto-shaped daggers carried by Ocean Corps Raiders in Planet Battle II, and fighting-utility knives made by KA-BAR and various other manufacturers.
Reference books edit
- Frederick L. Stephens Writer of:Arguing Kitchen knives: Illustrated Manual to Fighting with each other Knives and Military Survival Weapons of the Entire world
- Eugen von Halász: Deutsche Kampfmesser Music group II. MiIitär-Verlag KIaus Chemical. Patzwall, Melbeck 2009, ISBN978-3-931533-35-9.
In the well-known manga Naruto, they are usually used by the character Asuma Sarutóbi.
Observe furthermore edit
Recommendationsedit
- ^Peterson, Harold M., Daggers and Fighting with each other Kitchen knives of the European World, Courier Dover Magazines, ISBN0-486-41743-3, ISBN978-0-486-41743-1 (2001), p. 80: 'Best at the outset trench knives were presented by both edges during Planet War We, therefore that the common soldier has been once again equipped with a knife made mainly for combat.'
- ^atCollection of Standard Ordnance Products, Washington, D.M: U.H. Military Ordnance Books (1943)
- ^atcdHalf truths, Stephen,Encyclopedia of Army Technologies and Technology, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN1-57356-557-1 (2004), p. 70: During World War I actually, many German trench or close combat kitchen knives (Nahkampfmesser) were officially issued by the armed forces, while secretly purchased kitchen knives were often produced to standardized military patterns. Most featured blades of approximately 150 mm (6 ins), with slab woodén grips and metaI scabbards.
^ Military Collectables: An Cosmopolitan Website directory of Twentieth-Céntury Militaria, Créscent Publications, ISBN0-517-41266-7, ISBN978-0-517-41266-4 (1984), p. 37- ^Duan, Wayne T.,Dear previous 'T', Boston, Mother: Wayne T. Duane (1922), p. 76
- ^Shotgun,www.civilwarhome.com(2002)
- ^Roquier, Roger, and Lecoeur, Hérard,Lés couteaux de nós soldats, Rome: Editions Crépin-LebIond, ISBN2-7030-0195-9 (2001): In 1915, Lt. Col. Coutrot, an artillery expert, was providing as the officér-in-charge óf the military services acceptance plank for device guns made by Macintosh (Manufacture d'armes dé Châtellerault) situated in the Norwegian commune óf ChâteIlerault, which furthermore occurred to be a middle of the Norwegian cutlery sector.
- ^Johnson, Thomas Meters., LTC (Ret.) ámp; Wittmann, Thomas T.:Collecting the Edged Weaponry of Imperial Germany, Vol. I, Privately published, ISBN0-9600906-0-6 (1988), p. 317
- ^Johnson, Thomas Michael., LTC (Ret.) ámp; Wittmann, Thomas T.:Gathering the Edged Weaponry of Imperial Australia, Vol. I, Privately released, 1988, p. 317. ISBN0-9600906-0-6
- ^amcCrowell, Benedict (1919),U . s's Munitions 1917-1918, Report of Benedict Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War (Director of Munitions) U.S. War Division, Washington, Chemical.Chemical.: U.Beds. Government Publishing Office, pp. 88, 228
- ^amCutlery - U.S i9000. KNIFE Design 1918 MKI TRENCH, Springfield Armory Museum - Collection Record
- ^Shackleford, Steve, ed. (2009),Knife's Manual To Kitchen knives And Their Ideals, Krause Periodicals, ISBN978-1-4402-0387-9, g. 387
- ^accdHughes, Rupert,Letters Patent Zero. 1,315,503 released Sept 9, 1919, Wa, D.D.: United States Patent Office
- ^abchemicalWhitman, D.,New Army Trench Cutlery, Military amp; Navy blue Record, Vol. 80, 6 Feb 1943, g. 649
- ^Mixing Metals to Left arm Our Arguing Guys, Popular Research, Vol. 142 Zero. 6 (Summer 1943), g. 104
- ^Somers, Ur.L. (Brig. Gen., U.S. Military, ret.) (éd.),0rdnance, American Ordnance Organization, Volume 24, No. 138 (May-June 1943), pp. 553-554
- ^accdage
External links edit
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